IoT architecture: 4 stages of building a sustainable IoT system

While the term ‘Internet of Things’ may be used way too often and sounds too vague when applied to any and every network that connects – say – home appliances, it’s actually a name with meaning and history behind it. I’ve discussed it with Marcin Sikorski, who works as a Lead QA Automation Software Engineer at Spyrosoft, in the latest interview on the blog. You can read it here: Introduction to Internet of Things: an interview with Marcin Sikorski.

Today, I’d like to dig a little deeper and explore the architecture of IoT. The questions I will be answering in this article are:

How do you build a sustainable IoT system?

• What are its essential elements?
• What to include and what to omit in IoT architecture?
• Let’s explore it together below.

What is IoT architecture?

As much as the ‘Internet of Things’ sounds like a buzzword and it’s often perceived as a solution to resolve all of your business and technology problems, it’s one of those concepts which requires meticulous planning and where progress happens not in giant leaps but with micro-changes implemented incrementally.

When you think about the IoT architecture in general, you may imagine it as a machine with multiple cogs that have to work together in order for the whole system to function as intended. Please note that when you plan it, you should include not only the physical components, but also the data formats that will be used, organisational procedures, the business context of the system, and additional components in IoT architecture like edge/fog computing, business layer, security layer, secure platforms, data processing, and safety elements. Understanding IoT architecture is crucial for effective deployment of IoT solutions across various industries.

As a rule, and in order to function without fail, the IoT architecture has to include these 4 building blocks:

• Scalability
• Maintainability
• Functionality
• Availability

All of these are crucial, with scalability considered the most important for growing organisations with the increasing number of projects to be managed via IoT architecture.

4 layers of IoT architecture

Once you start putting an Internet of Things system together, there are 4 stages of IoT architecture you should include. These stages encompass various architecture layers and components essential for a robust IoT infrastructure. Please note that these layers also represent the data processing process.

Sensors, Controllers, and IoT Devices

This layer can also be described as all of the physical devices that are connected to the network. This can include but is not limited to sensors that collect data such as temperature, movement and air quality, and controllers that can be used to steer the IoT devices and send requests to them. These can alter physical reality – i.e. they can open doors, switch on alarms in case of fire or property infringement or stop an assembly line. Once the sensors collect the data, they can send it to the network for processing.

Network Layer

The network layer is represented by data acquisition systems (DAS) and gateways. These data acquisition systems are used for aggregating and converting raw data into formats accessible for all layers of the system. Data aggregation ensures the smooth transfer of data from sensing devices to other elements within the framework. Gateways work as a connecting level between the sensors and the Internet, but they can also complete basic functions such as data filtering and malware prevention.

Applications and Data Processing Layer

This layer consists of any element that uses the collected data in any shape or form, including the edge computing layer, which facilitates faster data processing and analysis. Additionally, the user interface application layer plays a crucial role in IoT architecture by enabling users to interact with the system through applications designed for smart homes.

It could be machine learning tools, a data visualisation technology or an external system that inspects and evaluates everything happening at a plant or a public property. This layer also includes applications that can send information to the IoT devices or manage them in any way.

Cloud or data centre

This is where the correctly formatted and processed data is stored and can be further analysed. Efficient data storage is crucial for managing substantial data volumes and ensuring seamless integration with other systems. It is also important to ensure that all devices, connections, and data stored are secure within IoT systems. This can also mean that the cloud or the data centre need to be supplied with information from other sources outside of the IoT system. Depending on the volume of data you need to keep and process, using the cloud such as Microsoft Azure Cloud or Amazon Web Services may be an ideal solution.

For more information about IoT hubs, check our latest article: IoT hub: what it is and how to incorporate it in your IoT system.

What are the common mistakes when planning IoT architecture?

According to Jaroslaw Dzikowski, who works as a Senior Embedded Software Engineer at Spyrosoft, there are 4 crucial challenges that any company wanting to introduce the Internet of Things into its operations should take into account and seek ways to resolve them. One common mistake is not evaluating the processing capabilities of IoT platforms, which are essential for seamless integration and meeting specific requirements such as scalability, security, and cost implications.

Unclear requirements without thinking about the bigger picture

Make sure that a list of your system requirements is clearly defined right from the start and that you know the responses to the following questions: What problem do you want to solve with the IoT system? What to do with the data when the devices are not connected to the Internet? How to make the system easy to scale? The IoT systems are often designed without a clear vision of their scale in mind – planning for a system that will include a few hundred devices is very different from designing a system for millions of devices. Additionally, it is crucial to define how you will process data, as this will impact the overall efficiency and functionality of your IoT system.

Inaccurate estimations about the foundational elements of your system

Clients often make mistakes at the very beginning: picking inadequate components for the IoT platform or IoT devices, or wrongly estimating how much power/electricity the system will need. There’s also the matter of estimating how much computing power, RAM and resources to allocate on the device’s side and what to place on the cloud’s side.

No clear definition of where data should be processed

There’s often not enough thinking and planning for what data the device will be sending to the cloud. You need to define it as precisely as possible to avoid stretching the resources or even using more of them than expected – i.e. does the device need to continuously send the data to the cloud for processing in the data processing layer, or would alerting it once a certain range is exceeded be enough?

Not accounting for remote firmware upgrades

It often happens that after the IoT system is up and running you need to update the software on your devices for the correct digital data to be collected and processed, and an upgrade is necessary. Make sure that you can complete it remotely before you place the devices on-site.

Here’s the advice from Jarosław Dzikowski once again:

“There are certain applications such as fleet tracking, remote machinery monitoring or logistics, where the IoT technology excels. However, in certain products, the IoT mechanisms are introduced just for the sake of implementing them. In the latter case, using the IoT not only becomes inconvenience for the user and does not resolve any issues, but it also creates new ones. Clearly defining what will be the function of each and every device within the IoT system and the system itself way before the implementation process, at the very beginning of the project, is the key to developing a solution that will be scalable and easy to maintain in the long run. Any mistake you’ll make in this first stage will be costly and time-consuming to clear up down the line.”

Partner with experts in building safe and sustainable Internet of things architecture

As you can see, building a sustainable Internet of Things is a complex process that requires detailed planning. At Spyrosoft, we’ve been working with multiple companies from the Industry 4.0 sector and we can support your team as they develop and implement an IoT system.

Visit our Industry 4.0 website for more information about what we do and contact us so we can learn more about your project. Explore world IoT architecture examples to see practical applications in different industries and understand how flexible and effective IoT architecture can be in improving various facets of our lives.